Smart Manufacturing and Industry 4.0 have emerged as transformative paradigms in modern industrial systems by integrating advanced digital technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), Cloud Computing, Big Data Analytics, Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), Robotics, and Digital Twins. These technologies enable intelligent automation, predictive maintenance, real-time monitoring, enhanced productivity, improved product quality, and efficient resource utilization across manufacturing industries. Traditional manufacturing systems primarily relied on isolated automation and manual monitoring, which often resulted in limited flexibility, increased operational costs, and delayed decision-making. The emergence of Industry 4.0 has enabled interconnected and data-driven manufacturing environments capable of autonomous operation and intelligent decision support.
This review presents a comprehensive analysis of conventional manufacturing systems and modern Industry 4.0 technologies reported in recent literature. Various enabling technologies including IoT, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Cloud Computing, Edge Computing, Big Data Analytics, Blockchain, Additive Manufacturing, Autonomous Robots, and Digital Twins
